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英語定語從句語法知識

時間:2024-04-06 22:54:53 金磊 公共英語 我要投稿
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英語定語從句語法知識

  定語從句也稱為關(guān)系從句或形容詞性從句,由關(guān)系代(who, whom, whose, which, that, as )或關(guān)系副詞(when, where, why)等引導(dǎo)。關(guān)系詞除了起引導(dǎo)作用外,還在從句中指代前面的先行詞,并在從句中擔(dān)任一定的成分。下面是yjbys小編為大家?guī)淼年P(guān)于定語從句的語法知識,歡迎閱讀。

英語定語從句語法知識

  1、限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句

  定語從句就其與先行詞的關(guān)系而言,可分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句。限定性定語從句和先行詞之間沒有逗號,表示對先行詞起修飾限制作用;而非限定性定語從句和先行詞之間有逗號分開,是對先行詞進行補充說明,相當(dāng)于并列句。

  如:He is the man who has a strong personality. 他是個個性很強的人。(限定性定語從句)

  My brother, who works abroad, is coming next week. 我哥哥在國外工作,他下周將回來。(非限定性定語從句)

  注:

  1) 非限定性定語從句不能用that來引導(dǎo),一般用which,as或who(指人)。用which或as引導(dǎo)時,既可以修飾主句的部分內(nèi)容,也可修飾主句的全部內(nèi)容。如:

  He spoke confidently, which impressed me most. (which指代整個主句,在從句中作主語)

  2) as引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句既可以放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后,但which或who引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句不能放在主句之前。如:As we all know, the moon is a satellite of the earth.The large area is covered with thick snow, which affects people‘s life greatly.

  3) 在限定性定語從句中,關(guān)系代詞作賓語時可以省略;但在 非限定性定語從句中,關(guān)系代詞作賓語時不能省略。如:

  The film (which) I saw last night is about a young teacher. (which可以省去)

  She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadn’t met before. (whom不能省去)

  2、只用關(guān)系代詞that,不用 which,who或whom的幾種情況

  1)當(dāng)先行詞是all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much, none, few等時。如:All that you want are here.

  2) 當(dāng)先行詞被all, no, some, any, every, a few, a little, much, only, very等修飾時。如:There is no person that doesn’t make mistakes.

  3)當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時。如:This is the best film that I have ever seen.

  4)當(dāng)出現(xiàn)兩個或兩個以上的先行詞,并同時兼指人和物時。如: We are talking about the people and countries that we have

  visited.

  5) 當(dāng)主句是以which 或 who 開頭的特殊疑問句時。如: Who is the person that is standing over there?

  6) 當(dāng)定語從句為there be 句型時,關(guān)系代詞只用that,但經(jīng)?梢允÷浴H纾 I know the difference (that) there is between you.

  7)當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語時,常用that。如:He does not seem to be the man that he was

  他似乎和過去不一樣了。

  3、 as 與其他詞連用引導(dǎo)的定語從句

  as 引導(dǎo)定語從句時,可指人也可指物,通常與the same,such,so等連用,形式為:the same… as,such… as,as …as,so… as。As在定語從句中可作主語、賓語、表語等。如:

  She knew he felt just the same as she did. 她知道他的感覺與她自己的一樣。(as代替事,作賓語)

  I lend you such books as will interest you. 我借給你使你感興趣的書。(as代替物,作主語)

  注:the same… as 和the same… that的用法不同。as引導(dǎo)的定語從句表示其內(nèi)容與主句所講的事物“相似”,指同類事物;that引導(dǎo)的定語從句表示其內(nèi)容與主句所講的事物是“同一個”,指同一事物。如:

  This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. 這和我昨天丟的筆一樣。(類似的筆)

  This is the same pen that I lost yesterday. 這支筆就是我昨天丟的那支。(同一支筆)

  4、“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句

  在“介詞+which/whom”結(jié)構(gòu)中,介詞的選擇取決于3種情況:

  1)定語從句中謂語動詞或表語的搭配。如: This is the college in which I am studying. He is the man about whom we are talking.

  2)先行詞與介詞的習(xí)慣搭配。如: The speed at which the machine operates is shown on the meter.

  儀表上顯示出這臺機器運轉(zhuǎn)的速度。

  3)當(dāng)定語從句為最高級時只能用of which; 否則用其他介詞。如:  I have five dictionaries of which Longman Dictionary is the best.  I have five dictionaries among which Longman Dictionary is published in UK.

  注:不可拆分的動詞短語介詞不能提前,如put up with;有的短語可能有不同的介詞搭配,此時需要根據(jù)上下文來確定。如:be familiar with/to,compare with/to等。

  有時為表意清楚,還可以在關(guān)系副詞where/ when前加介詞from, to等。如:

  China is the birthplace of kites, from

  where kite flying spreads to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.

  中國是風(fēng)箏的故鄉(xiāng),從這里,放風(fēng)箏的運動傳到了日本、韓國、泰國和印度。

  注 定語從句和同位語從句的區(qū)別

  定語從句在復(fù)合句中的功能相當(dāng)于形容詞,它對先行詞起修飾、描述或限制作用。而同位語從句則屬于名詞性從句,對與它有同位關(guān)系得名詞作進一步解釋,使其內(nèi)容具體化。例如:

  She felt very sad because of the news that her husband was killed in an aircraft crash. (同位語從句)

  The fact that she told me made me very angry. (定語從句)

  5、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

  1、when指時間在定語從句中做時間狀語也可做連接詞用 IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametotheschool.

  2、where指地點在定語從句中做地點狀語 ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.

  3、why指原因在定語從句中做原因狀語,用在reason后面。Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.

  1、定語從句

  在復(fù)合句中,修飾名詞、代詞或整個句子的從句叫作定語從句。定語從句可以分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。

  The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.

  那個在閱讀的男孩需要你昨天買的鋼筆。(定語從句作后置定語)

  2、先行詞

  被定語從句所修飾的詞或句子叫先行詞,作先行詞的可以是:

  (1)一個詞(通常是名詞,也可以是代詞)

  This is the place which is worth visiting.

  這是值得參觀的地方。

  He laughs best who laughs last.誰笑到最后,誰笑得最好。

  (2)一個短語

  Many lifes problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.

  許多以前可以通過詢問家庭成員、朋友或者同事就能解決的生活問題,是現(xiàn)在的大家庭無力解決的。

  (3)一個分句

  The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people have realized how diverse languages could be.

  希臘人認(rèn)為,語言結(jié)構(gòu)和思維過程之間存在著某種聯(lián)系。這一觀點在人們尚未認(rèn)識到語言的千差萬別以前就早已在歐洲扎下了根。

  (4)一個完整的句子

  I found an old man lying on the ground and I took him to hospital in a taxi immediately, which was why I was late that morning.

  我發(fā)現(xiàn)一個老人躺在馬路上,我立即乘出租車把他送到了醫(yī)院,這就是那天上午我遲到的原因。

  3、關(guān)系詞

  引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞包括關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系詞有三大作用:代指先行詞,引導(dǎo)定語從句,在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分。

  Beijing, which is the capital city of China, is a very beautiful city.(which代指Beijing,在從句中作主語)

  4、先行詞與關(guān)系詞的關(guān)系

  (1)關(guān)系代詞who, that, which實際上是先行詞的替代詞

  A plane is a machine that can fly.(that=a machine)

  The boy who broke the window is called Tom.(who=the boy)

  (2)關(guān)系代詞whose實際上是先行詞的所有格

  The boy whose parents were dead was brought up by his grandfather.(whose=the boys)

  (3)關(guān)系副詞實際上是“介詞+先行詞”

  The school where I study is far from my home. (where=in the school)

  5、分類

  (1)限制性定語從句

  它是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語,如果去掉,主句的意思就不完整或失去意義。這種從句與主句的關(guān)系十分密切,書寫時不可用逗號分開。如果關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語從句中作賓語,關(guān)系代詞通?梢允÷。

  Do you know the girl who just came in?

  你認(rèn)識那個剛剛進來的女孩嗎?

  The time when I first met Mr White was a very difficult period of my life.我第一次遇見懷特先生時是我生命中一個非常艱難的時期。

  (2)非限制性定語從句

  它只是對先行詞作附加補充說明,如果去掉,主句的意思仍然清楚完整。這種從句與主句的關(guān)系不是很密切,書寫時往往用逗號分開。非限制性定語從句一般不用that引導(dǎo)。

  The old woman, who lives on her own, has a cat for company.

  這個老婦人一個人住,養(yǎng)了一只貓陪伴她。

  My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.

  我去年買的那棟房子有一個漂亮的花園。

  6、關(guān)系代詞

  (一)關(guān)系代詞的基本用法

  1、who

  用于指人,在定語從句中作主語或賓語。

  But the personwhotries to do something and fails is a lot better off than the personwhotries to do nothing and succeeds.(作主語)

  但是,努力過卻失敗的人比那些坐享其成的人要好得多。

  2、whom

  用于指人,在定語從句中作賓語,可用who代替;但是,若從句中的介詞提到關(guān)系代詞前,只能用whom直接跟在介詞后作賓語,不可用who代替。

  In our class there are 48 students, half ofwhomare girls.(作賓語)我們班有48名學(xué)生,其中有一半是女生。

  3、which

  用于指物,在從句中作主語、賓語或表語。

  She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her studentswhichallows them to communicate freely with each other.(作主語)在為學(xué)生營造自由交流的氛圍這方面,她很有天賦。

  4、that

  既可指人又可指物,指人時通常可與who, whom互換,指物時通?膳cwhich互換,在從句中作主語、賓語或表語。

  The old town has narrow streets and small housesthatare built close to each other.(作主語)這個古老的小鎮(zhèn)有狹窄的街道和建造得彼此靠得很近的小房子。

  5、whose

  表示所屬關(guān)系,既可指人又可指物,在定語從句中作定語。指物時相當(dāng)于of which;指人時相當(dāng)于of whom。

  The books on the desk,whosecovers are shiny, are prizes for us.(作定語)

  桌上那些封面閃閃發(fā)亮的書是我們的獎品。

  6、as

  (1)引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句,作關(guān)系代詞,既可指人又可指物,在從句中作主語、賓語、表語。常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu):

 、賡uch+名詞+as ...意為“像……一樣的;像……之類的”;

  ②such(+代詞+)as ...,意為“像……一樣的;像……之類的”;

 、踭he same(+名詞+)as ...意為“和……同樣的”。

  He issucha manasis always ready to help others.(作主語)他是一個時刻準(zhǔn)備幫助別人的人。

  I have thesamebookasyou (have)(作賓語)

  我有一本和你的一樣的書。

  (2)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,先行詞為整個主句或主句中的一部分,意為“正如;像”。

  “You cant judge a book by its cover,”asthe old saying goes.(作賓語)正如老話所說的那樣:“人不可貌相。”

  [特別注意]關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語時一般可省略,但其前有介詞時一般不可省略。

  (二)關(guān)系代詞的兩處關(guān)注點

  1、5種只用that而不用which的情況

  (1)先行詞是不定代詞all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等或者先行詞被不定代詞所修飾時;

  Do you haveanything thatyou want to say for yourself?

  你有什么要為自己說的嗎?

  (2)先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或the only, the very (恰恰,正好), the last, all, no, few, little, any等修飾時;

  This is one ofthe most excitingfootball gamesthatI have ever seen.

  這是我見過的最激動人心的足球比賽之一。

  This isthe onlythingthatwe can do now.

  這是我們現(xiàn)在唯一能做的事情。

  (3)先行詞既有人又有物時;

  The scientist and his achievements thatyou told me about are admired by us all.你告訴我的那位科學(xué)家和他所取得的成就為我們所有人所欽佩。

  (4)當(dāng)先行詞在主句中作表語,而關(guān)系代詞也作表語時;

  Shanghai is no longerthe city thatit used to be.

  上海不再是過去的那座城市了。

  (5)當(dāng)主句的主語是疑問詞who或which時。

  Whois the personthatis standing at the gate?

  站在門口的那個人是誰?

  2、which與as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的3點區(qū)別

  She married again,whichwas unexpected.

  她再婚了,這是始料未及的。

  She married again,aswe expected.

  正如我們預(yù)料的那樣,她再婚了。

  7、關(guān)系副詞

  [謹(jǐn)記規(guī)則]

  (一)關(guān)系副詞的分類

  The days are gonewhenphysical strength was all you needed to make a living.

  完全靠體力謀生的時代已經(jīng)一去不復(fù)返了。

  I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend,wherewe enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.我和朋友一起登上了山頂,在山頂上我們欣賞到了湖光美景。

  Is this the reasonwhy/for whichhe refused our offer?

  這就是他拒絕我們的提議的原因嗎?

  (二)關(guān)系副詞與關(guān)系代詞的易混點

  若先行詞為一些表示地點的抽象名詞,如situation, point, stage, position, part, condition, case等,且引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作狀語,則常用關(guān)系副詞where或“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語從句。如果引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作主語、賓語或表語,則用關(guān)系代詞that/which引導(dǎo)。

  I have come to the pointwhere/at whichI cant stand him.

  我已經(jīng)到了無法容忍他的地步。

  Hes got into the situationwhere/in whichhe is in debt.

  他已經(jīng)陷入負(fù)債累累的境地。

  At last he got the position(that/which)he had been dreaming of.

  他最終得到了他夢寐以求的那個職位。

  “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句

  [謹(jǐn)記規(guī)則]

  (一)“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句

  The newlybuilt gymnasium,the walls of whichare painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard study.

  新建成的體育館,墻被刷成了淺綠色,對我們來說真是一個安靜的去處,特別是在刻苦學(xué)習(xí)后。

  He has ten cousins,the youngest of whomis very clever.

  他有十個表兄弟,最小的那個很聰明。

  She still remembers the dayon whichshe won the prize.

  她仍然記得她獲獎的那一天。

  He is studying in the classroom now,in front of whichstand two trees.

  他現(xiàn)在正在前面有兩棵樹的那間教室里學(xué)習(xí)。

  Mother is preparing lunch,during which timechildren are playing outside.

  媽媽在準(zhǔn)備午餐,在此期間,孩子們在外面玩。

  There is a big window in my room,from whereI can see the railway station.

  我的房間有一個大窗戶,透過它我可以看到火車站。

  (二)兩個注意點

  1、“介詞+which/whom”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中介詞的確定:

  (1)根據(jù)從句中動詞、形容詞等與介詞的習(xí)慣搭配來確定。

  Do you know the girlwith/to whomthe teacher talked just now?你認(rèn)識剛才和老師談話的那個女孩嗎?(talk作“交談”講時,常與with或to搭配)

  (2)根據(jù)語意表達的需要來確定。

  Knowledge is the wingswith whichwe realize our dreams.

  知識是我們借以實現(xiàn)夢想的翅膀。(with表示用某種手段、工具)

  2、“介詞+which+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的定語從句。常見的這類結(jié)構(gòu)有:

  during which time在此期間 at which time在這時

  at which point在這一時刻 for which reason由于這個原因

  in which case在這一情況下

  語法填空解題“3視角”

  1、關(guān)系代詞的選用

  (1)如果先行詞指人,定語從句中缺少主語,限制性定語從句中用who/that; 非限制性定語從句中用who。

  (2)如果先行詞指人,定語從句中缺少賓語,限制性定語從句中用who/that/whom; 非限制性定語從句中用whom。

  (3)如果先行詞指物,定語從句中缺少主語或賓語,限制性定語從句中用which/that; 非限制性定語從句用which。

  2、關(guān)系副詞的選用

  如果先行詞指時間或地點,定語從句中缺少時間狀語或地點狀語,定語從句中用when或where。

  3、“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”的判定

  如果先行詞指人, “介詞+關(guān)系詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中的關(guān)系詞用whom; 如果先行詞指物, “介詞+關(guān)系詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句中的關(guān)系詞用which。

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