使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題

使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題 一
一、虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于條件狀語(yǔ)從句。
1.表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)時(shí)，條件狀語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“過(guò)去式（be的過(guò)去式用were）”。而主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“would(should, could, might) 動(dòng)詞原形” 。例如：If he had time, he would attend the meeting.
2.表示與過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)時(shí)，條件狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“had 過(guò)去分詞”，主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“would(should, could, might) have 過(guò)去分詞” 例如：
If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t have failed in the examination.
3、表示與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)時(shí)，條件從句和主句所用的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 與“表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)”的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞相同，或者條件從句中用“were to (should) 動(dòng)詞原形”，例如：
If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.

4. 當(dāng)條件狀語(yǔ)從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí)，動(dòng)詞的形式要依據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間來(lái)調(diào)整。例如：

If you had worked hard, you would be very tired.

5.以上句型可以轉(zhuǎn)換成下列形式：

1）省略if用“were, had, should 主句”。例如：

Were I in school again, I would work harder.

Had you been here earlier, you would have seen him.

但在虛擬條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，省略連詞的倒裝形式的句首不能用動(dòng)詞的縮略形式，如我們可以說(shuō)：Were it not for the expense, I would go to Italy.

但不能說(shuō)：Weren’t it for the expense, I would go to Italy.

2）用介詞短語(yǔ)代替條件狀語(yǔ)從句。例如：

Without air, there would be no living things.

二、虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于賓語(yǔ)從句

1.“wish 賓語(yǔ)從句”表示不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，漢語(yǔ)可譯為

“可惜……”，“……就好了”，“悔不該……”，“但愿……”等。

表示現(xiàn)在不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式;

表示將來(lái)不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，用“would(could) 動(dòng)詞原形”;

表示過(guò)去不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望時(shí)，用“had 過(guò)去分詞”或“（could） would have 過(guò)去分詞”。例如:

I wish it were spring all the year round.

I wish you could go with us.

We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.

2.虛擬語(yǔ)氣在動(dòng)詞arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, request, require, suggest等后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中用“(should) 動(dòng)詞原形”。例如：

We suggest that we (should) have a meeting.

We insist that they (should) go with us.

The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days.

He demanded that we (should) start right away.

注意：只有當(dāng)insist作“堅(jiān)持（認(rèn)為）”，“堅(jiān)持（應(yīng)該）”，suggest作“建議”解時(shí)，從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)之后，賓語(yǔ)從句才用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。當(dāng)insist作“力言”，“強(qiáng)調(diào)”，suggest 作“暗示，表明”解時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句通常不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。例如：

Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.

Madame Curie insisted that there was something in nature that gave out radition.

The expression on his face suggested that he was very angry.

三、虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句

作advice, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request等名詞的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的結(jié)構(gòu)“（should） 動(dòng)詞原形。”例如：

We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing.

My idea is that we (should) do exercises first.

四、虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于主語(yǔ)從句

在主語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的虛擬語(yǔ)氣結(jié)構(gòu)用“should 動(dòng)詞原形”的結(jié)構(gòu)，表示驚奇，不相信，惋惜，理應(yīng)如此等。例如：

It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that we should clean the room every day.

It was a pity ( a shame, no wonder, etc) that you should be so careless.

It will be desired (suggested, decided, ordered, requested, proposed, etc.) that she should finish her homework this afternoon

五、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在as if (as though), even if (even though)等引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用。

如果從句表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；指現(xiàn)在狀況，則用過(guò)去時(shí)，指將來(lái)則用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。例如：

He looked as if he were an artist.

He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English in England.

Even if he were here, he could not solve the problem.

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