英譯漢翻譯材料：愛(ài)爾蘭
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愛(ài)爾蘭
Ireland is a sovereign state in western Europe, occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, whose metropolitan area is home to around a quarter of the country’s 4.6 million inhabitants. The state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland. It is a unitary, parliamentary republic with an elected president serving as head of state. The head of government is nominated by the lower house of parliament.
愛(ài)爾蘭是西歐主權(quán)國(guó)家，面積占愛(ài)爾蘭島的 5/6，僅與北愛(ài)爾蘭接壤。首都都柏林是最大的城市，人口約為全國(guó) 460萬(wàn)人口的 1/4。愛(ài)爾蘭是單一制議會(huì)制共和國(guó)，總統(tǒng)由選舉產(chǎn)生并擔(dān)任國(guó)家元首，政府首腦則由眾議院提名產(chǎn)生。
【注釋1】
Unitary: 有參考譯文翻譯為 “中央集權(quán)制”，這里個(gè)人感覺(jué)“單一制”更貼切一些。百度能搜到不少愛(ài)爾蘭是中央集權(quán)的表述，但可靠度有待考證。
以維基百科 對(duì) unitary state 的解釋來(lái)看，其相對(duì)詞匯為 federations，而且unitary state 也包括意大利，意大利則是非中央集權(quán)國(guó)家，所以“中央集權(quán)”這個(gè)詞義可能不太合適。
“地方分權(quán)型國(guó)家也稱非中央集權(quán)型國(guó)家。主要代表是實(shí)行地方自治的意大利、英國(guó)、瑞典、挪威等。”
【注釋2】
Sovereign state 主權(quán)國(guó)家，指擁有獨(dú)立主權(quán)的國(guó)家。主權(quán)國(guó)家是國(guó)際社會(huì)的最基本成員。世界上共有195個(gè)主權(quán)國(guó)家，包括193個(gè)聯(lián)合國(guó)會(huì)員國(guó)和2個(gè)聯(lián)合國(guó)觀察員國(guó)(巴勒斯坦和梵蒂岡)。
Following the Irish War of Independence and the subsequent Anglo-Irish Treaty, Ireland gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1922. Initially a dominion, Ireland received official British recognition of full legislative independence in the Statute of Westminster of 1931. A new constitution was adopted in 1937, by which the name of the state became “Ireland.” In 1949, Ireland was declared a republic under the Republic of Ireland act 1948.
愛(ài)爾蘭獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)以及隨后的《英愛(ài)條約》簽署之后，愛(ài)爾蘭于1922年脫離聯(lián)合王國(guó)獲得獨(dú)立。獨(dú)立之初，愛(ài)爾蘭只是一個(gè)自治領(lǐng)，1931年英國(guó)議會(huì)通過(guò)《威斯敏斯特條例》，其完整的獨(dú)立立法權(quán)才得到英國(guó)正式承認(rèn)。1937年，愛(ài)爾蘭制定，新憲法定國(guó)名為愛(ài)爾蘭。1949年，愛(ài)爾蘭通過(guò)《1948年愛(ài)爾蘭共和國(guó)法案》，宣布成為共和國(guó)。
Ireland ranks among the wealthiest countries in the world in terms of GDP per capita. In 1973, Ireland enacted a series of liberal economic policies that resulted in rapid economic growth, coupled with a dramatic rise in inequality. The country achieved considerable prosperity from 1995 to 2007. This was halted by an uNPRecedented financial crisis that began in 2008, in conjunction with the concurrent global economic crash.
按人均GDP來(lái)看，愛(ài)爾蘭位居全世界最富有國(guó)家之列。1973 年，愛(ài)爾蘭頒布了一系列自由經(jīng)濟(jì)政策，推動(dòng)了經(jīng)濟(jì)快速增長(zhǎng)，也導(dǎo)致社會(huì)不平等問(wèn)題加劇。1995 年至 2007 年，愛(ài)爾蘭經(jīng)濟(jì)蓬勃發(fā)展。然而，隨著 2008 年空前的金融危機(jī)與世界經(jīng)濟(jì)崩潰，這一良好經(jīng)濟(jì)展勢(shì)頭戛然而止。
In 2011 and 2013 Ireland was ranked as the seventh-most developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index. It also performs well in several metrics of national performance, including freedom of the press, economic freedom and civil liberties. It pursues a policy of neutrality through non-alignment.
2011年和2013年，根據(jù)《聯(lián)合國(guó)人類發(fā)展指數(shù)報(bào)告》，愛(ài)爾蘭成為世界第七大最發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家。在其他多個(gè)國(guó)家評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)中排名也非常出色，包括新聞出版自由、經(jīng)濟(jì)自由、公民自由。該國(guó)遵循不結(jié)盟的中立外交政策。
The population of Ireland stood at 4,588,252 in 2011, an increase of 8.2% since 2006. As of 2011, Ireland had the highest birth rate in the European Union (16 births per 1,000 of population). In 2012, 35.1% of births were to unmarried women. Annual population growth rates exceeded 2% during the 2002-2006 period, which was attributed to high rates of natural increase and immigration. This rate declined somewhat during the subsequent 2006-2011 period, with an average growth rate of 1.6%.
2011年，愛(ài)爾蘭總?cè)丝谶_(dá)到4,588,252，相比2006年增長(zhǎng)了8.2%。截止2011，愛(ài)爾蘭擁有歐盟最高的出生率：16‰。2012年，未婚先孕而出生的新生兒占35.1%。2002年至2006年期間，年人口增長(zhǎng)率超過(guò)2%，原因是較高的自然增長(zhǎng)率以及移民涌入。2006年至2011年期間增長(zhǎng)率略微下降，平均增長(zhǎng)率為1.6%。
【注釋3】數(shù)字的書寫規(guī)范：如果一個(gè)數(shù)值很大，數(shù)值中的“萬(wàn)”“億”單位可以采用漢字?jǐn)?shù)字，其余部分采用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字。 示例1：我國(guó)1982年人口普查人數(shù)為10億零817萬(wàn)5 288人 (國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn) GBT15835-2011代替GBT15835-1995)
Ireland ranks fifth in the world in terms of gender equality. In 2011, Ireland was ranked the most charitable country in Europe, and second most charitable in the world. Contraception was controlled in Ireland until 1979, however, the receding influence of the Catholic Church has led to an increasingly secularized society . In 1983, the Eighth Amendment recognized “the right to life of the unborn”, subject to qualifications concerning the “equal right to life” of the mother. The passage of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments, guaranteeing the right to have an abortion performed abroad, and the right to learn about “services” that are illegal in Ireland but legal abroad. The prohibition on divorce in the 1937 Constitution was repealed in 1995 under the Fifteenth Amendment. Divorce rates in Ireland are very low compared to European Union averages while the marriage rate in Ireland is slightly above the European Union average。
在性別平等方面，愛(ài)爾蘭排名世界第五。2011年，愛(ài)爾蘭獲評(píng)歐洲最慈善國(guó)家，世界第二大最慈善國(guó)家。1979之前，愛(ài)爾蘭控制避孕藥使用，但由于天主教教會(huì)影響日漸衰微，愛(ài)爾蘭社會(huì)越來(lái)越世俗化。1983年，愛(ài)爾蘭第八憲法修正案確立“未出生的胎兒享有生命權(quán)”，胎兒同母親具有“同等生命權(quán)利”。第十三以及第十四修正案通過(guò)后，公民開(kāi)始享有在國(guó)外墮胎的權(quán)利，并享有了解、獲取相關(guān)“服務(wù)”信息的權(quán)利，這種服務(wù)在國(guó)外合法，但在愛(ài)爾蘭是非法的。1937年憲法禁止公民離婚，1995年第十五修正案廢除了這一條目。與歐盟平均水平相比，愛(ài)爾蘭離婚率非常低。同時(shí)，結(jié)婚率略高于歐盟平均水平。
【注釋 4 】“the right to life of the unborn” 的意思
參考資料：愛(ài)爾蘭議會(huì)通過(guò)歷史性法案允許有限合法墮胎：愛(ài)爾蘭國(guó)內(nèi)強(qiáng)大的反墮胎力量源于其深厚的天主教背景。1861年，《愛(ài)爾蘭人身傷害法》禁止在愛(ài)實(shí)施墮胎，提出以及執(zhí)行墮胎均將面臨刑事處罰。1983年，愛(ài)爾蘭第8憲法修正案確立未出生嬰兒享受與自然人一樣的法律地位。
【注釋5 】learn about 如何翻譯?
結(jié)合文章背景，搜索愛(ài)爾蘭憲法+修正案，基本沒(méi)有對(duì)應(yīng)結(jié)果。只能搜英文版，正好可以查到維基百科的`介紹。從介紹中則可以了解這句話的意思。
Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland： The Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland specified that the prohibition of abortion would not limit the right to distribute information about abortion services in foreign countries. It was effected by the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution Act, 1992, which was approved by referendum on 25 November 1992 and signed into law on the 23 December of the same year.
Capital punishment is constitutionally banned in Ireland, while discrimination based on age, gender, sexual orientation, marital or familial status, religion, race is illegal.
愛(ài)爾蘭憲法禁止死刑，此外，年齡、性別、性取向、婚姻、家庭狀況、宗教等方面的歧視都是非法的。
【注釋6】 Based on 可以略去
Ireland became the first country in the world to introduce an environmental levy for plastic shopping bags in 2002 and a public smoking ban in 2004. Recycling in Ireland is carried out extensively and Ireland has the second highest rate of packaging recycling in the European Union.
愛(ài)爾蘭在2002年率先對(duì)塑料購(gòu)物袋使用征收環(huán)境稅，2004年又成為第一個(gè)推行公眾場(chǎng)所禁煙令的國(guó)家。愛(ài)爾蘭廣泛實(shí)施廢物循環(huán)利用，并已成為歐盟包裝循環(huán)利用率第二高的國(guó)家。
【全篇解析】：文章語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)方面難度不算太大，難點(diǎn)主要在于歷史、政治背景知識(shí)。語(yǔ)言表達(dá)也是很重要的方面，不少考友譯文版本意思沒(méi)錯(cuò)，但行文不夠流暢，一些數(shù)字等方面的表述也不太規(guī)范。實(shí)際考試時(shí)沒(méi)有辦法去查閱背景資料，能做到的只能是盡可能保證理解無(wú)誤、表達(dá)清晰地道，這也是平時(shí)更應(yīng)注意和提高的地方。以上譯文及解析僅供參考，如有批評(píng)建議，歡迎指正。
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